Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in global fish faunas on tropical reefs

Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in global fish faunas on tropical reefs.

When tropical systems lose species, they are often assumed to be buffered against declines in functional diversity by the ability of the species-rich biota to display high functional redundancy: i.e., a high number of species performing similar functions. We tested this hypothesis using a ninefold richness gradient in global fish faunas on tropical reefs encompassing 6,316 species distributed a...

the effect of functional/notional approach on the proficiency level of efl learners and its evaluation through functional test

in fact, this study focused on the following questions: 1. is there any difference between the effect of functional/notional approach and the structural approaches to language teaching on the proficiency test of efl learners? 2. can a rather innovative language test referred to as "functional test" ge devised so so to measure the proficiency test of efl learners, and thus be as much reliable an...

Does functional redundancy stabilize fish communities ?

High Tibial Valgus Osteotomy and Functional Outcome

Background: This is a case series of 76 knees of 62 patients who underwent upper tibial valgus osteotomy for treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis during a 20-year period and who were followed for a mean of 7.6 years. Methods: The patients were evaluated by validated outcome assessment systems of general health status short form (SF-36), the Western Ontario McMaster osteoarthritis inde...

Functional Roles of Sponges on Coral Reefs

ALTHOUGH a small group of carbonate excavating sponges can dismantle reefs, and some sponges can overgrow corals, it is now known that sponges also substantially benefit coral reefs and associated ecosystems. Sponges benefit reefs by efficiently filtering small (<5um) organic particles from the water column, binding live corals to the reef frame, facilitating regeneration of broken reefs, provi...